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Frog Reproduction Sexual reproduction and Life Cycle of Frogs
Variations on sexual reproductive cycle
There are variations on the basic
frog reproductive cycle in species found in the Australian tropical rainforest.
The Stony Creek Frog Litoria leseuri actually builds a nest separate but
close to the creek to mate and lay her eggs. Some frogs have developed
reproductive cycles that rely less directly on water. The Barred Frogs
Mixophys spp. actually lay their eggs out of the water. They are, however,
near the edge, so the tadpoles are eventually washed in (Barker et al
1995). Some frogs have developed reproductive cycles that can occur even further
from the water. The Microhylid family is often referred to as ‘nursery frogs’.
This is because they have the unusual reproductive strategy of laying eggs that
hatch directly into little frogs; they skip the usual larval stage of the
tadpole, having no need for a complete aquatic environment in their moist
rainforest habitat. Some species, such as Spheophryne fryi, have been
observed guarding their nests of eggs (Alford 2002).
In most frogs, a signal produced
by the male has evolved that serves to attract females. This is the vocal call,
and it allows for species-specific identification and location, both for the
female frog and the herpetologist. These calls can be recorded and displayed on
as an oscillogram, which displays signal amplitude in volts/millivolts, or a
sonogram, which display frequency (pitch) (Barker et al 1995). The female
frog often has hearing which is tuned into the frequencies of which the male of
its own species tends to call; this eliminates confusion with other frog calls
(Alford 2002). Many frogs have evolved to develop large vocal sacs. These are
blown up to extraordinary proportions to make calls (pictured). Many frogs lack
this feature, but may still call. Others may take advantage of the acoustics
within piles of rocks or pipes to amplify their call. Many will call from the
same area, their combined calling perhaps attracting females from some distance.
While rain is often associated with these calls, the exact cues of many species
to call and then mate are quite difficult to determine, and may be a combination
of rainfall, temperature, humidity and social cues. |
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